There are, in fact, three most critical and highly explicite situations, wherein the absolute necessity to assay the ‘antimicrobial agents’ arise, namely:
(a) Production i.e., in the course of commercial large-scale production for estimating the ‘potency’ and stringent ‘quality control’,
(b) Pharmacokinetics i.e., in determining the pharmacokinetics of a ‘drug substance’ in humans or animals, and
(c) Antimicrobial chemotherapy i.e., for strictly managing, controlling, and monitoring the ensuing antimicrobial chemotherapy.
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It has been duly established that the double-stranded chromosomal DNA of each individual type of microbe essentially inherits some typical characteristic features which remain not only constant and absolutely specific for that microorganism, but also quite beneficial for its methodical classification as well.

However, there are two predominant criteria invariably employed for determining the ‘genetic characteristics’ of microbes, namely:
(a) DNA base composition, and
(b) Sequence of nucleotide bases in DNA.
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Immunity may be defined as the state of being immune to or protected from a disease especially an infectious disease.
Importantly, this particular state is invariably induced by having been exposed to the antigenic marker on an microorganism that critically invades the body or by having been duly immunized with a vaccine capable of stimulating the production of specific antibodies.

Immunology, the generation of an immune response solely depends upon the prevailing interaction of three cardinal components of the immune mechanism, such as :
1. immunogen stimulation,
2. humoral immune system, and
3. cellular immune system.
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Application of pharmaceutical principles to drug dosage forms is illust rated when drug dosage forms are categorized according to their physical state, degree of heterogeneity, and chemical composition. The usual relevant states of matter are gases, liquids, and solids. Intermolecular forces of attraction are weakest in gases and strongest in solids. Conversions from one physical state to another can involve simply overcoming intermolecular forces of attraction by adding energy (heat) . Chemical composition can have a dramatic effect on physicochemical properties and behavior. For this reason, it is necessary to distinguish between polymers, or macromolecules, and more conventional ( i .e., smaller) molecules, or micromolecules.
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