There are three most prominent ‘genetic methods’ that are invariably employed for the methodical
arrangement of microbes based upon various taxonomic groups, namely:
(i) Genetic relatedness
(ii) The intuitive method, and
(iii) Numerical taxonomy.
Read the rest of this entry »

A sterility test may be defined as a test that critically assesses whether a sterilized pharmaceutical product is free from contaminating microorganisms. According to Indian Pharmacopoea the sterility testings are intended for detecting the presence of viable forms of microorganisms in or on the pharmacopoeal preparations.

In actual practice, one invariably comes across certain absolutely important guidelines and vital precautionary measures that must be adhered to strictly so as to accomplish the utmost accuracy and precision of the entire concept of sterility testing for life-saving secondary pharmaceutical products (drugs). A few such cardinal factors, guidelines, and necessary details are as enumerated under:
Read the rest of this entry »

Bacterium or bacteria refers to a single-celled organism without having a true nucleus or functionally specific components of metabolism that belongs to the kingdom Prokaryotae (Monera). The internal cytoplasm is invariably surrounded by one-or two-layered rigid cell wall composed of phospholipids.

Some bacteria also produce a specific mucoid extracellular capsule for additional protection, particularly from phagocytosis by white-blood cells (WBCs). Bacteria can synthesize nucleic acids (DNA, RNA), other important proteins and can reproduce independently, but may essentially need a host to supply food and also a supportive environment. In reality, millions of nonpathogenic bacteria live on the skin and mucous membranes of the human gastrointestinal tract (GIT) ; these are termed as normal flora. Importantly, bacteria that cause disease are usually known as pathogens.
Read the rest of this entry »

Application of pharmaceutical principles to drug dosage forms is illust rated when drug dosage forms are categorized according to their physical state, degree of heterogeneity, and chemical composition. The usual relevant states of matter are gases, liquids, and solids. Intermolecular forces of attraction are weakest in gases and strongest in solids. Conversions from one physical state to another can involve simply overcoming intermolecular forces of attraction by adding energy (heat) . Chemical composition can have a dramatic effect on physicochemical properties and behavior. For this reason, it is necessary to distinguish between polymers, or macromolecules, and more conventional ( i .e., smaller) molecules, or micromolecules.
check-tools.com
Read the rest of this entry »