With some exceptions, inhalants and solvents are not usually produced for their psychoactive qualities, but when used for mind-altering purposes, they are drugs. Although different in makeup, nearly all abused inhalants produce effects similar to those of anesthetics: They slow down the body’s functions.

In general, these chemicals are abused by young (preadolescent and adolescent) males, although some, such as the volatile nitrites, are popular among aficionados of anal sex because they relax the sphincter muscles; they are also reputed to increase the intensity of orgasm.
Read the rest of this entry »

The microbial cell represents an extremely complex entity, which is essentially comprised of approximately 70% of by its weight as water, and the remaining 30% by its weight as the solid components. Besides, the two major gaseous constituents viz., oxygen (O2) and hydrogen (H2) the microbial cell predominantly consists of four other major elements, namely : Carbon (C), nitrogen (N), sulphur (S), and phosphorus (P).

In fact, the six aforesaid constituents almost account for 95% of the ensuing cellular dry weight. The various other elements that also present but in relatively much lesser quantum are : Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Mn2+, Co2+, Zn2+, Cu2+, Fe3+ and Mo4+. Based on these critical observations and findings one may infer that the microorganisms significantly require an exceptionally large number of elements for its adequate survival as well as growth (i.e., cultivation).
Read the rest of this entry »

Application of pharmaceutical principles to drug dosage forms is illust rated when drug dosage forms are categorized according to their physical state, degree of heterogeneity, and chemical composition. The usual relevant states of matter are gases, liquids, and solids. Intermolecular forces of attraction are weakest in gases and strongest in solids. Conversions from one physical state to another can involve simply overcoming intermolecular forces of attraction by adding energy (heat) . Chemical composition can have a dramatic effect on physicochemical properties and behavior. For this reason, it is necessary to distinguish between polymers, or macromolecules, and more conventional ( i .e., smaller) molecules, or micromolecules.
check-tools.com
Read the rest of this entry »